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  2. Substitute good - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_good

    Substitute goods are commodity which the consumer demanded to be used in place of another good. Economic theory describes two goods as being close substitutes if three conditions hold: [3] products have the same or similar performance characteristics; products have the same or similar occasion for use and; products are sold in the same ...

  3. Product differentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_differentiation

    A firm cannot charge a higher price if products are good substitutes, conversely as a product deviates from others in the segment producers can begin to charge a higher price. The lower non-cooperative equilibrium price the lower the differentiation. For this reason, firms might jointly raise prices above the equilibrium or competitive level by ...

  4. Cross elasticity of demand - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_elasticity_of_demand

    A negative cross elasticity denotes two products that are complements, while a positive cross elasticity denotes two products are substitutes. If products A and B are complements, an increase in the price of B leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded for A, as A is used in conjunction with B. [2] Equivalently, if the price of product B ...

  5. Substitution bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_bias

    If product A is purchased by most consumers, and similar product B goes on sale making it cheaper, consumers will naturally buy what is cheaper. Substitution bias can cause inflation rates to be over-estimated. Data collected for a price index, if from an earlier period, may poorly correspond to the prices and consumer-expenditure-shares going ...

  6. Monopolistic competition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolistic_competition

    Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition such that there are many producers competing against each other but selling products that are differentiated from one another (e.g., branding, quality) and hence not perfect substitutes. In monopolistic competition, a company takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores ...

  7. Goods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods

    Goods considered complements or substitutes are relative associations and should not be understood in a vacuum. The degree to which a good is a substitute or a complement depends on its relationship to other goods, rather than an intrinsic characteristic, and can be measured as cross elasticity of demand by employing statistical techniques such ...

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  9. Monopoly - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly

    If there is a single seller in a certain market and there are no close substitutes for the product, then the market structure is that of a "pure monopoly". Sometimes, there are many sellers in an industry or there exist many close substitutes for the goods being produced, but nevertheless, companies retain some market power.