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This leads to shifts in pollination syndromes and to some genera having a high diversity of pollination syndromes among species, suggesting that pollinators are a primary selective force driving diversity and speciation. [5] [6] Ophrys apifera is an orchid species that has a highly evolved plant-pollinator relationship. This specific species ...
Insect pollinators such as bees have adaptations for their role, such as lapping or sucking mouthparts to take in nectar, and in some species also pollen baskets on their hind legs. This required the coevolution of insects and flowering plants in the development of pollination behaviour by the insects and pollination mechanisms by the flowers ...
For example, large petals and flowers will attract pollinators at a large distance or that are large themselves. [14] Collectively, the scent, colour, and shape of petals all play a role in attracting/repelling specific pollinators and providing suitable conditions for pollinating. Some pollinators include insects, birds, bats, and wind. [14]
Generally flowers that are white or green tend to be wind pollinated; where being a bright color isn't necessary. [2] A common phenotype of UV coloration is the “bulls-eye” pattern where a flower reflects UV light at the ends of the petals and absorbs UV light in the center. [4] This acts as a guide for pollinators to locate and find pollen ...
Baltimore Checkerspot (Euphydryas phaeton) nectaring at daisy (Argyranthemum)Pollination syndromes are suites of flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different pollen vectors, which can be abiotic (wind and water) or biotic, such as birds, bees, flies, and so forth through a process called pollinator-mediated selection.
The structures found in large flowers such as those of Rafflesia and some Aristolochia are also evolved to attract and trap pollinators. [5] Trap-flowers that produce deceptive sexual chemicals to attract insects may often lack nectar rewards. Many fly-trapping flowers produce the smell of carrion. [5]
In some cases, orchids and their pollinators have become so interdependent that their existence is mutually exclusive. [4] Pollination mechanisms resulting from this coevolution generally benefit both parties: pollinators obtain nectar from the flowers, while orchids gain pollen transfer.
Pollinators use both floral scent and floral colour to locate flowers of Antirrhinum majus spp. striatum. [11] A primary function of floral scent is to attract pollinators and ensure the reproduction of animal-pollinated plants. Some families of VOCs presented in floral scents have likely evolved as herbivore repellents. [12]