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When used for IV sedation, a single dose of propofol typically wears off within minutes. Onset is rapid, in as little as 15–30 seconds. [5] Propofol is versatile; the drug can be given for short or prolonged sedation, as well as for general anesthesia. Its use is not associated with nausea as is often seen with opioid medications.
Procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) is a technique in which a sedating/dissociative medication is given, usually along with an analgesic medication, in order to perform non-surgical procedures on a patient. The overall goal is to induce a decreased level of consciousness while maintaining the patient's ability to breathe on their own.
Sedation is the reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure or diagnostic procedure. Examples of drugs which can be used for sedation include isoflurane , diethyl ether , propofol , etomidate , ketamine , pentobarbital , lorazepam and midazolam .
In 1983, a lipid emulsion formulation of propofol was available, which carried great potential during clinical trials. [8] It was licensed for use in Europe in 1986 and received FDA approval in the US in 1989. [1] Propofol is now used worldwide with a well-defined pharmacological profile for a variety of medical uses.
Along with the factors determined, different types of anesthesia medications are used depending on the medical procedure being done. While the patient is under conscious sedation by anesthesia, depending on the type and dose administered, they are in a state that is called by some, a "twilight" state. [citation needed]
Propofol – It is a highly lipid-soluble, GABA agonist. [15] The dosage is 1.5 mg/kg (usually 100 to 200 mg). It has quick onset of action, can cross the blood-brain barrier, wide tissue distribution, and can be hepatically cleared by the body quickly. [15] In the elderly, the rate of Propofol clearance is low.
Dexmedetomidine can also be used for procedural sedation such as during colonoscopy. [18] It can be used as an adjunct with other sedatives like benzodiazepines, opioids, and propofol to enhance sedation and help maintain hemodynamic stability by decreasing the requirement of other sedatives.
Ketofol is a mixture of ketamine and propofol. Both drugs are anesthetic agents. It can be mixed with propofol in the same syringe. [1] The combination appears to be safer than propofol by itself when used for procedural sedation and analgesia. [2]