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Without the advancements made in nautical sciences, particularly by Iberian scientists and explorers, trans-oceanic navigation would have not been possible. The earliest periods of navigation within Portugal and Spain employed the use of crude, antiquated, and unreliable instruments.
Portuguese nautical science; F. Timeline of Portuguese history (First County) ... Timeline of pre-Roman Iberian history; List of presidents of Portugal;
Portuguese nautical science evolved from the successive expeditions and experience of the Portuguese pilots. It led to a fairly rapid evolution, creating an elite of astronomers , navigators , mathematicians and cartographers .
An eighteenth-century map of the peninsula depicting various topographical features of the land, as published in Robert Wilkinson's General Atlas, circa 1794. Due to centuries of constant conflict, warfare and daily life in the Iberian Peninsula were interlinked.
Portuguese nautical cartography, a compendium of navigational and geographic maps; Cantino planisphere, the earliest extant nautical chart where places are depicted according to their astronomically observed latitudes; School of Sagres, first court of navigation founded in Sagres
The successive expeditions and experience of the pilots led to a fairly rapid evolution of Portuguese nautical science, creating an elite of astronomers, navigators, mathematicians and cartographers, among them stood Pedro Nunes with studies on how to determine the latitudes by the stars and João de Castro.
Northward and westward all secure radiocarbon dates are identical to those for Iberia c. 5500 cal BC, which indicates a rapid spread of cardium and related cultures: 2,000 km from the gulf of Genoa to the estuary of the Mondego in probably no more than 100–200 years. This suggests a seafaring expansion by planting colonies along the coast. [52]
About 1175 BC: Battle of the Delta, one of the first recorded naval battles, during Ancient Egypt's war against the Sea Peoples. 1194–1174 BC: Supposed timespan for the events of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.