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  2. Chemical polarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity

    Polar molecules must contain one or more polar bonds due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms. Molecules containing polar bonds have no molecular polarity if the bond dipoles cancel each other out by symmetry. Polar molecules interact through dipole-dipole intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonds.

  3. Umpolung - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpolung

    In organic chemistry, umpolung (German: [ˈʔʊmˌpoːlʊŋ]) or polarity inversion is the chemical modification of a functional group with the aim of the reversal of polarity of that group. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This modification allows secondary reactions of this functional group that would otherwise not be possible. [ 3 ]

  4. Electronegativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity

    The higher the associated electronegativity, the more an atom or a substituent group attracts electrons. Electronegativity serves as a simple way to quantitatively estimate the bond energy, and the sign and magnitude of a bond's chemical polarity, which characterizes a bond along the continuous scale from covalent to ionic bonding.

  5. Bond order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_order

    In chemistry, bond order is a formal measure of the multiplicity of a covalent bond between two atoms. As introduced by Gerhard Herzberg, [1] building off of work by R. S. Mulliken and Friedrich Hund, bond order is defined as the difference between the numbers of electron pairs in bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals.

  6. Taft equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_equation

    The polar sensitivity factor ρ* can be obtained by plotting the ratio of the measured reaction rates (k s) compared to the reference reaction versus the σ* values for the substituents. This plot will give a straight line with a slope equal to ρ*.

  7. Lewis structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_structure

    Each bond consists of a pair of electrons, so if t is the total number of electrons to be placed and n is the number of single bonds just drawn, t−2n electrons remain to be placed. These are temporarily drawn as dots, one per electron, to a maximum of eight per atom (two in the case of hydrogen), minus two for each bond.

  8. Check or calculate the value of a savings bond online - AOL

    www.aol.com/finance/check-calculate-value...

    Bond holders continue to earn interest for up to 30 years, making the bond even more valuable the longer it is kept. Bottom line Series EE savings bonds mature after 20 years, and they’ll ...

  9. Ionic bonding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bonding

    Thus, bonding is considered ionic where the ionic character is greater than the covalent character. The larger the difference in electronegativity between the two types of atoms involved in the bonding, the more ionic (polar) it is. Bonds with partially ionic and partially covalent character are called polar covalent bonds. For example, Na–Cl ...