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The spores require warm temperatures, a protein source, an anaerobic environment, and moisture in order to become active and produce toxin. In the wild, decomposing vegetation and invertebrates combined with warm temperatures can provide ideal conditions for the botulism bacteria to activate and produce toxin that may affect feeding birds and ...
The vegetative cells of clostridia are heat-labile and are killed by short heating at temperatures above 72–75 °C (162–167 °F). The thermal destruction of Clostridium spores requires higher temperatures (above 121.1 °C (250.0 °F), for example in an autoclave ) and longer cooking times (20 min, with a few exceptional cases of more than ...
Unlike other clostridial species, C. botulinum spores will sporulate as it enters the stationary phase. [35] C. botulinum relies on quorum-sensing to initiate the sporulation process. [35] C. botulinum spores are not found in human feces unless the individual has contracted botulism, [36] but C. botulinum cannot spread from person to person. [37]
The D-value at an unknown temperature can be calculated knowing the D-value at a given temperature provided the Z-value is known. The target of reduction in canning is the 12- D reduction of C. botulinum, which means that processing time will reduce the amount of this bacteria by a factor of 10 12 .
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Food-borne botulism results, indirectly, from ingestion of food contaminated with Clostridium spores, where exposure to an anaerobic environment allows the spores to germinate, after which the bacteria can multiply and produce toxin. [144] Critically, ingestion of toxin rather than spores or vegetative bacteria causes botulism. [144]
In general, dogs that can handle hot weather have roots in warmer climates, short coats or physiques that effectively cool. As the temperature climbs and summer gets sweaty, we must think about ...
Larger breeds and dogs with thicker coats will be able to tolerate temperatures slightly lower - down to about 24°F. Any time it is colder than 20°F, all dogs are at risk of serious health issues.