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One of the most common causes is Staphylococcus aureus and often follows a recent viral upper respiratory infection. Bacterial tracheitis is a rare complication of influenza infection. [4] It is the most serious in young children, possibly because of the relatively small size of the trachea that gets easily blocked by swelling.
An upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is an illness caused by an acute infection, which involves the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx or trachea. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] This commonly includes nasal obstruction, sore throat, tonsillitis , pharyngitis , laryngitis , sinusitis , otitis media , and the common cold .
Pharyngitis is a type of upper respiratory tract infection. [7] Most cases are caused by a viral infection. [2] Strep throat, a bacterial infection, is the cause in about 25% of children and 10% of adults. [2] Uncommon causes include other bacteria such as gonococcus, fungi, irritants such as smoke, allergies, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Strep throat is a common bacterial infection in children. [2] It is the cause of 15–40% of sore throats among children [7] [13] and 5–15% among adults. [8] Cases are more common in late winter and early spring. [13] Potential complications include rheumatic fever and peritonsillar abscess. [1] [2]
An infection of this type usually is further classified as an upper respiratory tract infection (URI or URTI) or a lower respiratory tract infection (LRI or LRTI). Lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia , tend to be far more severe than upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold .
Childhood RSV infections are fairly self-limited with typical upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, cough, and low-grade fever. [ 4 ] [ 20 ] Inflammation of the nasal mucosa ( rhinitis ) and throat ( pharyngitis ), as well as redness of the eyes ( conjunctival infection ), may be seen on exam. [ 3 ]
Recurrent bacterial and viral infections as well as pathogen colonization might upset the normally stable equilibrium between the immune system and the natural flora of the adenoid. [10] Hypertrophic processes are frequently brought on by recurrent upper respiratory tract infections or allergies .
[4] [5] As the disease progresses, occurrence of secondary symptoms such as dysphagia, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, failure to thrive, and recurrent upper respiratory infections can be diagnosed. [4] [5] The risk of laryngeal papillomatosis spreading to the lungs is higher in the juvenile-onset than the adult-onset. [3]