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c. 0 seconds (13.799 ± 0.021 Gya): Planck epoch begins: earliest meaningful time. Conjecture dominates discussion about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Big Bang occurs in which ordinary space and time develop out of a primeval state (possibly a virtual particle or false vacuum) described by a quantum theory of gravity or "Theory of everything".
This is a timeline of subatomic particle discoveries, including all particles thus far discovered which appear to be elementary (that is, indivisible) given the best available evidence. It also includes the discovery of composite particles and antiparticles that were of particular historical importance.
The Stelliferous Era will end as stars eventually die and fewer are born to replace them, leading to a darkening universe. Various theories suggest a number of subsequent possibilities. Assuming proton decay, the matter may eventually evaporate into a Dark Era . Alternatively, the universe may collapse in a Big Crunch.
A visual representation of the division order of universal forces. In physical cosmology, the quark epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe when the fundamental interactions of gravitation, electromagnetism, the strong interaction and the weak interaction had taken their present forms, but the temperature of the universe was still too high to allow quarks to bind together ...
1975 – Abraham Pais and Sam Treiman: Introduction of the Standard Model of particle physics term; 1977 – Bottom quark found; 1977 – Anderson localization recognised (Nobel prize in 1977, Philip W. Anderson, Mott, Van Fleck) 1980 – Strangeness as a signature of quark-gluon plasma predicted [10] 1980 – Richard Feynman proposes quantum ...
This marks the transition from the Stelliferous Era to the Degenerate Era; with too little free hydrogen to form new stars, all remaining stars slowly exhaust their fuel and die. [141] By this time, the universe will have expanded by a factor of approximately 10 2554. [133] 1.1–1.2×10 14 (110–120 trillion)
6th - 2nd Century BCE Kanada (philosopher) proposes that anu is an indestructible particle of matter, an "atom"; anu is an abstraction and not observable. [1] 430 BCE [2] Democritus speculates about fundamental indivisible particles—calls them "atoms"
Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of protons and neutrons , while the study of combination of protons and neutrons is called nuclear physics .