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A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is any model in particle physics that merges the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces (the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model) into a single force at high energies. Although this unified force has not been directly observed, many GUT models theorize its existence.
Unification of theories about observable fundamental phenomena of nature is one of the primary goals of physics. [1] [2] [3] The two great unifications to date are Isaac Newton’s unification of gravity and astronomy, and James Clerk Maxwell’s unification of electromagnetism; the latter has been further unified with the concept of electroweak interaction.
A theory of everything (TOE), final theory, ultimate theory, unified field theory, or master theory is a singular, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all aspects of the universe. [1]: 6 Finding a theory of everything is one of the major unsolved problems in physics. [2] [3]
In physics, a unified field theory (UFT) is a type of field theory that allows all fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written in terms of a single type of field. According to modern discoveries in physics, forces are not transmitted directly between interacting objects but instead are described and interpreted by intermediary ...
In addition to Standard Model particles, the theory includes twelve colored X bosons, responsible for proton decay. In particle physics, the Georgi–Glashow model [1] is a particular Grand Unified Theory (GUT) proposed by Howard Georgi and Sheldon Glashow in 1974.
The God Equation: The Quest for a Theory of Everything is a popular science book by the futurist and physicist Michio Kaku. The book was initially published on April 6, 2021, by Doubleday. [1] [2] The book debuted at number six on The New York Times nonfiction best-seller list for the week ending April 10, 2021. [3]
The grand unification energy, or the GUT scale, is the energy level above which, it is believed, the electromagnetic force, weak force, and strong force become equal in strength and unify to one force governed by a simple Lie group. The exact value of the grand unification energy (if grand unification is indeed realized in nature) depends on ...
A gauge theory of elementary particles is a very attractive potential framework for constructing the Grand Unified Theory of physics. Such a theory has the very desirable property of being potentially renormalizable—shorthand for saying that all calculational infinities encountered can be consistently absorbed into a few parameters of the theory.