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White gold is an alloy of gold and at least one white metal (usually nickel, silver, platinum or palladium). [4] Like yellow gold, the purity of white gold is given in karats. White gold's properties vary depending on the metals used and their proportions. A common white gold formulation consists of 90% wt. gold and 10% wt. nickel. [3]
Solidus of Constantius II from Antioch, 347–355. A holed coin such as this was likely worn as a jewelry piece by a prominent or wealthy Roman. The solidus was initially introduced by Diocletian in small issues and later reintroduced for mass circulation by Constantine the Great in c. AD 312 and was composed of relatively solid gold.
Originally valued at six shillings, it was composed of 108 grains (6.99828 grams) of gold with a purity of 23 carats and 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 grains (or 23 + 7 ⁄ 8 carats) [7] [8] – and more recently (minted between 1849-1967 although circulating alongside the decimal ten pence coin until 1993 when it was withdrawn due to a resizing) relating to a ...
1095, a popular high-carbon steel for knives; it is harder but more brittle than lower-carbon steels such as 1055, 1060, 1070, and 1080. It has a carbon content of 0.90-1.03% [7] Many older pocket knives and kitchen knives were made of 1095. With a good heat treat, the high carbon 1095 and O-1 tool steels can make excellent knives.
The unintended formation of intermetallics can cause problems. For example, intermetallics of gold and aluminium can be a significant cause of wire bond failures in semiconductor devices and other microelectronics devices. The management of intermetallics is a major issue in the reliability of solder joints between electronic components.
The United Kingdom slipped into a gold specie standard in 1717 by over-valuing gold at 15 + 1 ⁄ 5 times its weight in silver. It was unique among nations to use gold in conjunction with clipped, underweight silver shillings, addressed only before the end of the 18th century by the acceptance of gold proxies like token silver coins and banknotes.
World map of emission intensity (kg of CO 2 per Intl$), 2018. The following list of countries by carbon intensity of GDP sorts countries by their emission intensity.Carbon intensity or emission intensity of GDP is a measure that evaluates the amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions produced per unit of GDP.
Iron alloys are most broadly divided by their carbon content: cast iron has 2–4% carbon impurities; wrought iron oxidizes away most of its carbon, to less than 0.1%. The much more valuable steel has a delicately intermediate carbon fraction, and its material properties range according to the carbon percentage: high carbon steel is stronger but more brittle than low carbon steel.