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FICCI Arbitration and Conciliation Tribunal (FACT) provides arbitration services for settling commercial disputes. FACT was established in 1952 [11] and aims at settling business disputes outside the traditional framework offered by courts of law through arbitration and conciliation, as the case may be. [12]
Major conflicts of this era include the Italian Wars and Thirty Years' War in Europe, the Kongo Civil War in Africa, the Qing conquest of the Ming in Asia, the Spanish conquest of Peru in South America, and the American Revolutionary War in North America.
Over the following years, the pro-war faction led by Maso degli Albizzi and Rinaldo Gianfigliazzi won the upper hand in Florence, even exiling the more moderate leaders, leading to the resumption of hostilities in March 1397. [23] The war began when Visconti troops under Ugolotto Biancardo invaded Mantuan territory.
Ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War, and establishes the principle of the sovereignty of nations in use today. Treaty of Concordia [note 61] Divides the island of Saint Martin between France and the Netherlands. 1649 Peace of Rueil: Ends the opening episodes of the Fronde, France's civil war. Treaty of Zboriv
The Thirty Years' War, [j] from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from the effects of battle, famine, or disease, while parts of Germany reported population declines of over 50%. [19]
Europe has endured thanks in part to Ms. Merkel’s pragmatic stewardship, but it has been battered by crises during her entire time in office. [174] Russia began an invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that began in 2014. It is the largest conventional military attack in Europe since World ...
The republic went to war with Milan, and won, upon the Republic of Venice's entry on their side. The war was concluded in 1427, and the Visconti of Milan were forced to sign an unfavourable treaty. The debt incurred during the war was gargantuan, approximately 4,200,000 florins. [21] To pay, the state had to change the tax system.
The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict involving most of the European great powers, fought primarily in Europe and the Americas. One of the opposing alliances was led by Great Britain and Prussia .