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  2. 1,2-Dichloroethane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-Dichloroethane

    In the laboratory it is occasionally used as a source of chlorine, with elimination of ethene and chloride. Via several steps, 1,2-dichloroethane is a precursor to 1,1,1-trichloroethane . Historically, before leaded petrol was phased out, chloroethanes were used as an additive in petrol to prevent lead buildup in engines.

  3. Chloroethane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroethane

    Chloroethane is produced by hydrochlorination of ethylene: [11]. C 2 H 4 + HCl → C 2 H 5 Cl. At various times in the past, chloroethane has also been produced from ethanol and hydrochloric acid, from ethane and chlorine, or from ethanol and phosphorus trichloride, but these routes are no longer economical.

  4. Azeotrope tables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotrope_tables

    This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.

  5. Levelized cost of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levelized_cost_of_water

    Desalination, which produces usable water from saline water, has a higher LCW than processing groundwater or surface water. A 2020 study found that advances in decarbonization would reduce the levelized cost of water produced via desalination from €2.4 per cubic meter in 2015 (US$2.84) to €1.05 per cubic meter in 2050 (US$1.24). [2]

  6. Electro-oxidation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-oxidation

    Depending on the effluent nature, an increase of the conductivity of the solution may be required: the value of 1000 mS/cm is commonly taken as a threshold. [13] Salts like sodium chloride or sodium sulfate can be added to the solution, acting as electrolytes, thus raising the conductivity. Typical values of salts concentration are in the range ...

  7. Dealkalization of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealkalization_of_water

    A dealkalizer contains strong base anion exchange resin that exchanges chloride (the Cl – ion of the NaCl) for carbonate (CO − 3), bicarbonate (H C O − 3) and sulfate (SO 2− 4). As water passes through the anion resin the carbonate, bicarbonate and sulfate ions are exchanged for chloride ions.