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Chloroethane is produced by hydrochlorination of ethylene: [11]. C 2 H 4 + HCl → C 2 H 5 Cl. At various times in the past, chloroethane has also been produced from ethanol and hydrochloric acid, from ethane and chlorine, or from ethanol and phosphorus trichloride, but these routes are no longer economical.
Phase behavior Triple point: 237.2 K (–35.9 °C), ? Pa Critical point: 561.6 K (288.5 °C), 5380 kPa Std enthalpy change of fusion, Δ fus H o: 8.8366 kJ/mol at –35.9 °C
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
In the laboratory it is occasionally used as a source of chlorine, with elimination of ethene and chloride. Via several steps, 1,2-dichloroethane is a precursor to 1,1,1-trichloroethane . Historically, before leaded petrol was phased out, chloroethanes were used as an additive in petrol to prevent lead buildup in engines.
The 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is then dehydrochlorinated to give trichloroethylene. This can be accomplished either with an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide: 2 Cl 2 CHCHCl 2 + Ca(OH) 2 → 2 ClCH=CCl 2 + CaCl 2 + 2 H 2 O. or in the vapor phase by heating it to 300–500 °C on a barium chloride or calcium chloride catalyst: Cl 2 CHCHCl 2 ...
Because of its possible carcinogen effects on humans, the production of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane has decreased significantly and is no longer widely used as an end-product. [7] It is however still generated as a byproduct and as an intermediate product during manufacturing, where low levels of the chemical have been detected in the air.