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  2. Open system (systems theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_system_(systems_theory)

    In the social sciences an open system is a process that exchanges material, energy, people, capital and information with its environment. French/Greek philosopher Kostas Axelos argued that seeing the "world system" as inherently open (though unified) would solve many of the problems in the social sciences, including that of praxis (the relation of knowledge to practice), so that various social ...

  3. System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System

    Systems can be isolated, closed, or open. A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. [1] A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and is expressed in its functioning.

  4. Journaling file system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaling_file_system

    A journaling file system is a file system that keeps track of changes not yet committed to the file system's main part by recording the goal of such changes in a data structure known as a "journal", which is usually a circular log.

  5. European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Terrestrial...

    The European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) is an ECEF (Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed) geodetic Cartesian reference frame, in which the Eurasian Plate as a whole is static.

  6. Pancasila (politics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)

    Pancasila (Indonesian: [pantʃaˈsila] ⓘ) is the official, foundational philosophical theory of Indonesia.The name is made from two words originally derived from Sanskrit: "pañca" ("five") and "śīla" ("principles", "precepts").

  7. Formal concept analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_concept_analysis

    In his article "Restructuring Lattice Theory" (1982), [1] initiating formal concept analysis as a mathematical discipline, Wille starts from a discontent with the current lattice theory and pure mathematics in general: The production of theoretical results—often achieved by "elaborate mental gymnastics"—were impressive, but the connections between neighboring domains, even parts of a ...

  8. Therblig - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therblig

    Therbligs are elemental motions used in the study of workplace motion economy. A workplace task is analyzed by recording each of the therblig units for a process, with the results used for optimization of manual labour by eliminating unneeded movements.

  9. Muted group theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muted_group_theory

    Muted Group Theory (MGT) is a communication theory developed by cultural anthropologist Edwin Ardener and feminist scholar Shirley Ardener in 1975, that exposes the sociolinguistic power imbalances that can suppress social groups' voices.