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Hindustani, the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised registers: Hindi and Urdu.Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script: Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, typically in the Nastaʿlīq style.
A grammar of the Hindustani language, published 1843 A road sign using Hindi, Urdu, and English. The standardised registers Hindi and Urdu are collectively known as Hindi–Urdu . [ 11 ] Hindustani is the lingua franca of the north and west of the Indian subcontinent , though it is understood fairly well in other regions also, especially in the ...
The oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular, Ergative, and Genitive. There are eight case-marking postpositions in Hindi and out of those eight the ones which end in the vowel -ā (the semblative and the genitive postpositions) also decline according to number, gender, and case.
The personal pronouns and possessives in Modern Standard Hindi of the Hindustani language displays a higher degree of inflection than other parts of speech. Personal pronouns have distinct forms according to whether they stand for a subject ( nominative ), a direct object ( accusative ), an indirect object ( dative ), or a reflexive object.
Sanskritisation is the process of introducing features from Sanskrit, such as vocabulary and grammar, into other languages. [1] It is sometimes associated with the " Hinduisation " of a linguistic community, or less commonly, with introducing a more upper- caste status into a community.
Hindustani does not distinguish between [v] and [w], specifically Hindi. These are distinct phonemes in English, but conditional allophones of the phoneme /ʋ/ in Hindustani (written व in Hindi or و in Urdu), meaning that contextual rules determine when it is pronounced as [v] and when it is pronounced as [w].
Hindustani is extremely rich in complex verbs formed by the combinations of noun/adjective and a verb. Complex verbs are of two types: transitive and intransitive. [3]The transitive verbs are obtained by combining nouns/adjectives with verbs such as karnā 'to do', lenā 'to take', denā 'to give', jītnā 'to win' etc.
The kinship terms of Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) differ from the English system in certain respects. [1] In the Hindustani system, kin terms are based on gender, [2] and the difference between some terms is the degree of respect. [3] Moreover, "In Hindi and Urdu kinship terms there is clear distinction between the blood relations and affinal ...