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Hyponatremia or hyponatraemia is a low concentration of sodium in the blood. [4] It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L (135 mEq/L), with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mEq/L. [3] [8] Symptoms can be absent, mild or severe.
Common causes in pediatric patients may be diarrheal illness, frequent feedings with dilute formula, water intoxication via excessive consumption, and enemas. [3] Pseudohyponatremia is a false low sodium reading that can be caused by high levels of fats or proteins in the blood.
It is important to note that sudden restoration of blood volume to normal will turn off the stimulus for continued ADH secretion. Hence, a prompt water diuresis will occur. This can cause a sudden and dramatic increase in the serum sodium concentration and place the patient at risk for so-called "central pontine myelinolysis" (CPM). CPM is a ...
Low sodium level − muscle weakness, fatigue, dizziness, headache, confusion Redness, blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin, including inside the mouth
Complications may include paralysis, low blood sodium levels, and seizures. [4] Attacks may be triggered by alcohol, smoking, hormonal changes, fasting, stress, or certain medications. [2] [4] If the skin is affected, blisters or itching may occur with sunlight exposure. [2]
Hypoaldosteronism causes low sodium (hyponatremia), high potassium (hyperkalemia), and metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the body produces excess acid.These conditions are responsible for the symptoms of hypoaldosteronism, which include muscle weakness, nausea, palpitations, irregular heartbeat, and abnormal blood pressure.