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Programmed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide [1]) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] PCD is carried out in a biological process , which usually confers advantage during an organism's lifecycle .
Programmed cell death in plants has a number of molecular similarities to that of animal apoptosis, but it also has differences, notable ones being the presence of a cell wall and the lack of an immune system that removes the pieces of the dead cell.
Plant cells undergo particular processes of PCD similar to autophagic cell death. However, some common features of PCD are highly conserved in both plants and metazoa. Activation-induced cell death (AICD) is a programmed cell death caused by the interaction of Fas receptor (Fas, CD95)and Fas ligand (FasL, CD95 ligand). [12]
Hypersensitive response (HR) is a mechanism used by plants to prevent the spread of infection by microbial pathogens.HR is characterized by the rapid death of cells in the local region surrounding an infection and it serves to restrict the growth and spread of pathogens to other parts of the plant.
Paraptosis-like programmed cell death has been observed in both plants and protists. Apoptotic death similar to that found in animals does not occur in plants, due to the cell wall of plant cells preventing phagocytosis. In an experiment with tobacco, bleomycin was used to introduce double strand breaks in the cells' DNA.
Programmed cell death had been known long before "the worm people" began to publish their celebrated findings. In 1964 Richard A. Lockshin and Carroll Williams published their contribution on "Endocrine potentiation of the breakdown of the intersegmental muscles of silkmoths", [2] where they used the concept of programmed cell death during a ...
The nuclei on the antipodal end are simply known as the antipodal cells. [5] These cells are involved with nourishing the embryo, but often undergo programmed cell death before fertilization occurs. [3] Cell plates form around the antipodal nuclei, egg cell, and synergid cells. [6]
In addition, programmed cell death must occur during this stage. This is carried out throughout the entire growth process, like any other development. [14] However, in the torpedo stage of development, parts of the suspensor complex must be terminated. [14]