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The Amu Darya (/ ˌ ɑː m uː ˈ d ɑːr j ə / AH-moo DAR-yə), [a] (Persian: آمو دریا) also shortened to Amu and historically known as the Oxus (/ ˈ ɒ k s ə s / OK-səss), [2] [b] is a major river in Central Asia, which flows through Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan.
Both are in the southern portion of Transoxiana (though still to the north of the Amu Darya itself, on the Zarafshon) and Uzbekistan. The majority of the region was dry but fertile plains. Both cities remained centres of Persian culture and civilisation after the Muslim conquest.
In the delta of the Amu Darya where it reaches the Aral Sea, its waters were channelled for irrigation agriculture by people whose remains resemble those of the nomads of the Andronovo culture. This is interpreted as nomads settling down to agriculture, after contact with the BMAC, known as the Tazabagyab culture. [50]
The last time the waters of the Amu Darya directly entered the basin was during the flood of 1878. [6] [9] Since the beginning of the 1960s, the Sarykamysh lake has been filled with collector-drainage waters, [10] feeding was carried out through the Daryalyk collector, while water from the farmland of the left bank of the Amu Darya was used ...
Geologically driven shifts in the course of the Amu Darya between the Aral Sea and the Sarykamysh basins and anthropogenic water withdrawal from Amu Darya and Syr Darya have caused fluctuations in the Aral Sea's water level. [22] Artificial irrigation systems began in ancient times and continue to the present.
As the Amu Darya shifted eastward in recent times, it could no longer reach the Sarykamysh Depression and flowed into the Aral Basin. The Uzboy dried up and the tribes along the river abandoned their settlements. The survivors led a nomadic lifestyle. Since 1575, it is said, the Amu Darya has flowed back into the Aral Sea.
Amu Darya→ Aral Sea The Kofarnihon ( Tajik : Кофарниҳон , Uzbek : Kofarnihon ) is one of the major tributaries of the Amu Darya (together with Vakhsh and Panj ) in Tajikistan . The river is 387 kilometres (240 mi) long and has a basin area of 11,600 square kilometres (4,500 sq mi). [ 1 ]
The desert is crossed by the second-largest irrigation canal in the world, the Karakum Canal, which brings water from the Amu Darya to southern regions of the desert. [1] Construction on the canal was started in 1954 and completed in 1958. [1] It is 1,375 km (900 mi) in length, and carries 13 to 20 km 3 of water annually. [1]