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Zero-dimensional Polish spaces are a particularly convenient setting for descriptive set theory. Examples of such spaces include the Cantor space and Baire space. Hausdorff zero-dimensional spaces are precisely the subspaces of topological powers where = {,} is given the discrete topology.
For an n-dimensional lattice, identifying n linearly independent commas reduces the dimension of the lattice to zero, meaning that the number of pitches in the lattice is finite; mathematically, its quotient is a finite abelian group. This zero-dimensional set of pitches is a periodicity block.
The simplest pitch space model is the real line. A fundamental frequency f is mapped to a real number p according to the equation = + (/) This creates a linear space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and middle C is assigned the number 60, as it is in MIDI. 440 Hz is the standard frequency of 'concert A', which ...
An example of a random vector that is Gaussian white noise in the weak but not in the strong sense is = [,] where is a normal random variable with zero mean, and is equal to + or to , with equal probability. These two variables are uncorrelated and individually normally distributed, but they are not jointly normally distributed and are not ...
A fractal has an integer topological dimension, but in terms of the amount of space it takes up, it behaves like a higher-dimensional space. The Hausdorff dimension measures the local size of a space taking into account the distance between points, the metric. Consider the number N(r) of balls of radius at most r required to cover X completely.
An open cover of a topological space X is a family of open sets U α such that their union is the whole space, U α = X. The order or ply of an open cover A {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {A}}} = { U α } is the smallest number m (if it exists) for which each point of the space belongs to at most m open sets in the cover: in other words U α 1 ∩ ...
Thus Pythagorean tuning, which uses only the perfect fifth (3/2) and octave (2/1) and their multiples (powers of 2 and 3), is represented through a two-dimensional lattice (or, given octave equivalence, a single dimension), while standard (5-limit) just intonation, which adds the use of the just major third (5/4), may be represented through a ...
The simplest example of a vector space is the trivial one: {0}, which contains only the zero vector (see the third axiom in the Vector space article). Both vector addition and scalar multiplication are trivial. A basis for this vector space is the empty set, so that {0} is the 0-dimensional vector space over F.