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The DWARF file format uses both unsigned and signed LEB128 encoding for various fields. [2] LLVM, in its Coverage Mapping Format [8] LLVM's implementation of LEB128 encoding and decoding is useful alongside the pseudocode above. [9].NET supports a "7-bit encoded int" format in the BinaryReader and BinaryWriter classes. [10]
A variable-length quantity (VLQ) is a universal code that uses an arbitrary number of binary octets (eight-bit bytes) to represent an arbitrarily large integer. A VLQ is essentially a base-128 representation of an unsigned integer with the addition of the eighth bit to mark continuation of bytes. VLQ is identical to LEB128 except in endianness ...
^c The ALGOL 68, C and C++ languages do not specify the exact width of the integer types short, int, long, and (C99, C++11) long long, so they are implementation-dependent. In C and C++ short , long , and long long types are required to be at least 16, 32, and 64 bits wide, respectively, but can be more.
PER Aligned: a fixed number of bits if the integer type has a finite range and the size of the range is less than 65536; a variable number of octets otherwise; OER: 1, 2, or 4 octets (either signed or unsigned) if the integer type has a finite range that fits in that number of octets; a variable number of octets otherwise
If the source of the operation is an unsigned number, then zero extension is usually the correct way to move it to a larger field while preserving its numeric value, while sign extension is correct for signed numbers. In the x86 and x64 instruction sets, the movzx instruction ("move with zero extension") performs this function.
Convert unsigned to an unsigned int8 (on the stack as int32) and throw an exception on overflow. Base instruction 0xB6 conv.ovf.u2: Convert to an unsigned int16 (on the stack as int32) and throw an exception on overflow. Base instruction 0x87 conv.ovf.u2.un: Convert unsigned to an unsigned int16 (on the stack as int32) and throw an exception on ...
For Integers, the unsigned modifier defines the type to be unsigned. The default integer signedness outside bit-fields is signed, but can be set explicitly with signed modifier. By contrast, the C standard declares signed char, unsigned char, and char, to be three distinct types, but specifies that all three must have the same size and alignment.
PNG image files begin with an 8-byte signature which identifies the file as a PNG file and allows detection of common file transfer problems: "\211PNG\r\n\032\n" (89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A). That signature contains various newline characters to permit detecting unwarranted automated newline conversions, such as transferring the file using FTP ...