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In 1830, there were about 75 miles (121 km) of railroad track, in short lines linked to coal and granite mines. [98]). After this, railroad lines grew rapidly. Ten years later, in 1840, the railways had grown to 2,800 miles (4,500 km). By 1860, on the eve of civil war, the length had reached 29,000 miles (47,000 km), mostly in the North.
1883 – The Orient Express, a long-distance passenger train service connecting Paris to Constantinople / Istanbul, was created by Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL). 1885 – The Canadian Pacific is completed 5 years ahead of schedule, the longest single railway of its time, which links the eastern and western provinces of Canada.
Nonetheless, much violence occurs in the strikes. Many people were killed, buildings and rolling stock were burned, and reports of rioting shocked middle-class Americans. 1883: Standard time zones adopted by railroads. [9] 1886: Many southern states convert from broad gauges such as 1,524 mm (5 ft) to standard gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in).
Young men who were first hired in the 1840s and 1850s retired from the same railroad 40 or 50 years later. To discourage them from leaving for another company, they were promised pensions when they retired. Indeed, the railroads invented the American pension system. [159]
China was the last country to fully dieselize, due to its abundant coal reserves; steam locomotives were used to haul mainline trains as late as 2005 in Inner Mongolia. [25] Trains began to face strong competition from automobiles and freight trucks in the 1930s, which greatly intensified following World War II. [26]
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9th century – The sine quadrant, was invented by Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in the 9th century at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. [3]: 128 The other types were the universal quadrant, the horary quadrant and the astrolabe quadrant. 10th century – sea-going junk ships built in China. Late 10th century – Kamal invented in Arab world.
Pre-war experiments with long welded rail lengths were built upon, and in the years from 1960 long rail lengths were installed, at first on hardwood sleepers but soon on concrete sleepers. For example, the first long welded rail (almost 1 mi or 1.6 km) on the UK's East Coast Main Line was laid in 1957, just south of Carlton-on-Trent , resting ...