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Drug use in the first trimester is the most harmful to the fetus in terms of neurological and developmental outcome. [38] The effects of PCE later in a child's life are poorly understood; as of 2010 , little information was available about the effects of in utero cocaine exposure on children over the age of five. [2]
Non-essential drugs and medications should be avoided while pregnant. Tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drug use while pregnant may be dangerous for the unborn baby and may lead to severe health problems and/or birth defects. [2] Even small amounts of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana have not been proven to be safe when taken while ...
Environmental toxicants and fetal development is the impact of different toxic substances from the environment on the development of the fetus. This article deals with potential adverse effects of environmental toxicants on the prenatal development of both the embryo or fetus, as well as pregnancy complications .
Certain pathogens are also included since the toxins they secrete are known to cause adverse effects on the development of the organism when the mother or fetus is infected. The term developmental toxicity has widely replaced the early term for the study of primarily structural congenital abnormalities , teratology, to enable inclusion of a ...
The role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in female fertility has long been suspected and studied. [3] Most studies through 2013 linking development of the fetus and cannabis show effects of consumption during the gestational period, but abnormalities in the endocannabinoid system during the phase of placental development are also linked with problems in pregnancy. [4]
Similarly to nutritional intake, drugs consumed by the mother during pregnancy can affect the brain development of her fetus. There has been a great deal of research concerned with the damaging effects of prenatal drug use, and how exactly this use impairs future memory functioning of the child.
Babies born prematurely (before 37 weeks) often exhibit less symptoms or in less severity than those born at full term (38 to 42 weeks). This is due to being exposed to the drug for a lesser period of time during pregnancy. Premature babies with NAS tend to recover at a much faster rate than a full term baby would. [4]
Toxins such as alcohol, tobacco and certain drugs to which the baby is exposed to during its development are thought to contribute to fetal programming, especially via alterations to the HPA axis. [19] If the exposure occurs during a critical phase of fetal development, it could have drastic and dire consequences for the fetus. [19]