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In classical mechanics, impulse (symbolized by J or Imp) is the change in momentum of an object. If the initial momentum of an object is p 1, and a subsequent momentum is p 2, the object has received an impulse J: =.
The kinetic theory of gases is a simple ... Anglo-Irish scientist Robert Boyle noted that a hammer's "impulse" is transformed ... The momentum transfer to the ...
In the theory of special relativity, physical quantities are expressed in terms of four-vectors that include time as a fourth coordinate along with the three space coordinates. These vectors are generally represented by capital letters, for example R for position. The expression for the four-momentum depends on how the coordinates are expressed ...
Euler's second law states that the rate of change of angular momentum L about a point that is fixed in an inertial reference frame (often the center of mass of the body), is equal to the sum of the external moments of force acting on that body M about that point: [1] [4] [5]
The energy and momentum of an object measured in two inertial frames in energy–momentum space – the yellow frame measures E and p while the blue frame measures E ′ and p ′. The green arrow is the four-momentum P of an object with length proportional to its rest mass m 0.
Specific impulse (usually abbreviated I sp) is a measure of how efficiently a reaction mass engine, such as a rocket using propellant or a jet engine using fuel, generates thrust. In general, this is a ratio of the impulse, i.e. change in momentum, per mass of propellant. This is equivalent to "thrust per massflow".
Momentum space is the set of all momentum vectors p a physical system can have; the momentum vector of a particle corresponds to its motion, with units of [mass][length][time] −1. Mathematically, the duality between position and momentum is an example of Pontryagin duality .
Idealized 3-D rendering of the cradle in motion. Newton's cradle is a device, usually made of metal, that demonstrates the principles of conservation of momentum and conservation of energy in physics with swinging spheres.