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The costs of paying the bonus is still an agency cost, [4] but the company will profit from paying this cost so long as the avoided residual cost (as defined above), is greater than the bonus. [21] Another key method by which agency costs are reduced is through legislative requirements that companies undertake audits of their financial ...
Agency theory can be subdivided in two categories: (1) In adverse selection models, the agent has private information about their type (say, their costs of exerting effort or their valuation of a good) before the contract is written. (2) In moral hazard models, the agent becomes privately informed after the contract is written.
Transaction cost as a formal theory started in the late 1960s and early 1970s. [13] And refers to the "Costs of Market Transactions" in his seminal work, The Problem of Social Cost (1960). Arguably, transaction cost reasoning became most widely known through Oliver E. Williamson's Transaction Cost Economics. Today, transaction cost economics is ...
Often, such as when applying for funding under a grant, indirect costs are specified as a fixed percentage, this percentage having been negotiated in advance. This is the case, for example, in federally-funded research in the United States. In this case, the indirect costs percentage is specified relative to direct costs, not to the total request.
U.S. Air Force Materiel Command (1994). "Guide to Analysis of Contractor Cost Data". AFMCPAM 65-501; Defense Contract Management Agency (2006) "Earned Value Implementation Guide" DAU link ISBN 978-1468178289; GAO (2009) "GAO Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide" GAO-09-SSP; Defense Systems Management College (1997).
Economists tend to analyse three costs in the short-run: average fixed costs, average variable costs, and average total costs, with respect to marginal costs. The average fixed cost curve is a decreasing function because the level of fixed costs remains constant as the output produced increases.
In construction, the costs of materials, labor, equipment, etc., and all directly involved efforts or expenses for the cost object are direct costs. In manufacturing or other non-construction industries, the portion of operating costs that is directly assignable to a specific product or process is a direct cost.
Michael Cole Jensen (November 30, 1939 – April 2, 2024) was an American economist who worked in the field of financial economics.From 1967-1988, he was on the University of Rochester's faculty. [1]