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The costs of paying the bonus is still an agency cost, [4] but the company will profit from paying this cost so long as the avoided residual cost (as defined above), is greater than the bonus. [21] Another key method by which agency costs are reduced is through legislative requirements that companies undertake audits of their financial ...
The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP, pronounced "H-Cup") is a family of healthcare databases and related software tools and products from the United States that is developed through a Federal-State-Industry partnership and sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
Charities may refer to their administrative overheads as "core costs". [6] Universities regularly charge administrative overhead rates on research. In the U.S. the average overhead rate is 52%, which is spent on building operation, administrative salaries and other areas not directly tied to research. [7] Academics have argued against these ...
Often, such as when applying for funding under a grant, indirect costs are specified as a fixed percentage, this percentage having been negotiated in advance. This is the case, for example, in federally-funded research in the United States. In this case, the indirect costs percentage is specified relative to direct costs, not to the total request.
In construction, the costs of materials, labor, equipment, etc., and all directly involved efforts or expenses for the cost object are direct costs. In manufacturing or other non-construction industries, the portion of operating costs that is directly assignable to a specific product or process is a direct cost.
Transaction cost as a formal theory started in the late 1960s and early 1970s. [13] And refers to the "Costs of Market Transactions" in his seminal work, The Problem of Social Cost (1960). Arguably, transaction cost reasoning became most widely known through Oliver E. Williamson's Transaction Cost Economics. Today, transaction cost economics is ...
In general business, price analysis is the process of evaluating a proposed price independent of cost and profit. [1] [2] Price analysis began in 1939 when economist Andrew Court decided to analyze prices to better understand the environmental factors that influence this practice. [3]
A benefit–cost ratio [1] (BCR) is an indicator, used in cost–benefit analysis, that attempts to summarize the overall value for money of a project or proposal. A BCR is the ratio of the benefits of a project or proposal, expressed in monetary terms, relative to its costs, also expressed in monetary terms.