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"Inherent" or "pronominal" (inherently or essentially) reflexive verbs lack the corresponding non-reflexive from which they can be synchronically derived. [8] In other words, the reflexive pronoun "is an inherent part of an unergative reflexive or reciprocal verb with no meaning of its own, and an obligatory part of the verb's lexical entry": [10]
Intransitive verbs are directly impersonalized by the use of the nonactive stem, while transitive verbs must first fill their object prefix positions with the appropriate nonreferential prefixes before the use of the nonactive stem, and reflexive verbs take the nonreferential reflexive prefix ne-, [1]: 170–175 [2]: 144–145 e.g.
In linguistics, valency or valence is the number and type of arguments and complements controlled by a predicate, content verbs being typical predicates. Valency is related, though not identical, to subcategorization and transitivity, which count only object arguments – valency counts all arguments, including the subject.
Intransitive verb Transitive verb Ditransitive verb: Valence increasing; Causative Applicative Benefactive Dative shift: Valence decreasing; Passive Antipassive Impersonal passive: Reflexives and reciprocals; Reflexive pronoun Reflexive verb Reciprocal construction Reciprocal pronoun: Linguistics portal
Often there is a semantic difference between the intransitive and transitive forms of a verb: the water is boiling versus I boiled the water; the grapes grew versus I grew the grapes. In these examples, known as ergative verbs, the role of the subject differs between intransitive and transitive verbs.
Middle voice verbs are usually intransitive, but can also be transitive. Often the middle endings make a transitive verb intransitive: παύομαι (paúomai) "I stop (intransitive)" ἵσταμαι (hístamai) "I stand (intransitive)" Sometimes there is a reflexive meaning or an idea of doing something for one's own benefit: [4]
Transitive phrases, i.e. phrases containing transitive verbs, were first recognized by the stoics and from the Peripatetic school, but they probably referred to the whole phrase containing the transitive verb, not just to the verb. [10] [11] The advancements of the stoics were later developed by the philologists of the Alexandrian school. [10]
Here the verb uses the second person plural indefinite ending -tok indicating that the object of the verb is unclear or non-existent. (ti) magatokat mossátok (you (pl.) are washing yourselves [informal]) Here the verb has changed from the second person plural indefinite ending to the definite ending -játok to indicate the reflexive object.