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Before, control logic for manufacturing was mainly composed of relays, cam timers, drum sequencers, and dedicated closed-loop controllers. [3] The hard-wired nature of these components made it difficult for design engineers to alter the automation process. Changes would require rewiring and careful updating of the documentation.
A programmable load is a type of test equipment or instrument which emulates DC or AC resistance loads normally required to perform functional tests of batteries, ...
A simplified PAL device. The programmable elements (shown as a fuse) connect both the true and complemented inputs to the AND gates. These AND gates, also known as product terms, are ORed together to form a sum-of-products logic array. A programmable logic device (PLD) is an electronic component used to build reconfigurable digital circuits.
An industrial control system (ICS) is an electronic control system and associated instrumentation used for industrial process control. Control systems can range in size from a few modular panel-mounted controllers to large interconnected and interactive distributed control systems (DCSs) with many thousands of field connections.
Eventually, the relays became electronic switches, as transistors eventually could handle greater current loads. By 1985, pneumatic controls could no longer compete with this new technology although pneumatic control systems (sometimes decades old) are still common in many older buildings. [8] By the year 2000, computerized controllers were common.
When used to control reactive (inductive or capacitive) loads, care must be taken to ensure that the TRIAC turns off correctly at the end of each half-cycle of the AC in the main circuit. TRIACs can be sensitive to fast voltage changes (dv/dt) between MT1 and MT2, so a phase shift between current and voltage caused by reactive loads can lead to ...
IEC 61131 is an IEC standard for programmable controllers.It was first published in 1993; [1] the current (third) edition dates from 2013. [2] It was known as IEC 1131 before the change in numbering system by IEC.
This is one of three banks used to load the generator to verify performance on load changes and for factory run-in. A load bank is a piece of electrical test equipment used to simulate an electrical load , to test an electric power source without connecting it to its normal operating load.