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For example, boron trifluoride (BF 3) combines eagerly with fluoride sources to give the tetrafluoroborate anion, BF 4 −. Boron trifluoride is used in the petrochemical industry as a catalyst. The halides react with water to form boric acid. [51] Other boron halides include those with B-B bonding, such as B 2 F 4 and B 4 Cl 4. [55]
Selenium, which is an essential element for animals and prokaryotes and is a beneficial element for many plants, is the least-common of all the elements essential to life. [ 3 ] [ 63 ] Selenium acts as the catalytic center of several antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase , [ 11 ] and plays a wide variety of other biological roles .
In biochemistry, an ultratrace element is a chemical element that normally comprises less than one microgram per gram of a given organism (i.e. less than 0.0001% by weight), but which plays a significant role in its metabolism.
Thus boron is not a candidate for life. [38] Arsenic is toxic to life, and its possible candidacy has been rejected. [39] [40] In the past (1960s-1970s) other candidates for life were plausible, but with time and more research, only carbon has the complexity and stability to make large molecules and polymers essential for life. [41] [42] [43]
The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism's cells to provide energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth. Different species of animals have different feeding behaviours that satisfy the needs of their metabolisms and have evolved to fill a specific ecological niche within specific geographical contexts.
Boron deficiency is a pathology which may occur in animals due to a lack of boron. A report given by E. Wayne Johnson et al. at the 2005 Alan D. Leman Swine Conference [1] suggests that boron deficiency produces osteochondrosis in swine that is correctable by addition of 50 ppm of boron to the diet. The tolerable daily intake (TDI) set by the ...
Boron in the atmosphere is derived from soil dusts, volcanic emissions, forest fires, evaporation of boric acid from seawater, biomass emissions, and sea spray. [1] Sea salt aerosols are the largest flux to the atmosphere. On land, boron cycles through the biosphere by rock weathering, and wet and dry deposition from the atmosphere. [1] [2]
Boron is renowned for cluster species, e.g. dodecaborate [B 12 H 12] 2-. Such clusters have many organic derivatives. One example is [B 12 (CH 3) 12] 2-and its radical derivative [B 12 (CH 3) 12] −. [16] Related cluster compounds with carbon vertices are carboranes; the best known is orthocarborane, C 2 B 10 H 12. Carboranes have few ...