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This is a list including all rulers who had carried the title of emperor or who ruled over an empire through history. Some titles meaning "emperor" might not have been used in the context like "padishah" under the Kingdom of Afghanistan or "tsar" under Kingdom of Bulgaria .
Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Latin: Imperator Romanorum; German: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period [1] (Latin: Imperator Germanorum; German: Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany (complete list, complete list) – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1084–1105), King (1053–1087) Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (1111–1125), King (1099–1125) Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor (1133–1137), King (1125–1137) Conrad III, King (1138–1152) Henry Berengar, co-King (1138–1150) Frederick I ...
Holy Roman Empire: 962: 1806: 844 Hospitaller Colonial Empire: 1651: 1665: 14 Hotak Dynasty: 1709: 1738: 29 Hoysala Empire: 1026: 1343: 317 Hunnic Empire: 370: 469: 99 Kingdom of Hungary: 1000: 1918: 918 Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946) 1920: 1946: 26 Husainid Dynasty: 1705: 1957: 252 Idrisid Dynasty: 788: 974: 186 Iberian Union: 1580: 1640: 60 ...
Rulers of Calakmul (no actual king-list; must be dug out of text) List of lords of Caracol; List of rulers of Copan; List of the rulers of Dos Pilas; Rulers of Dos Pilas; Kʼicheʼ kingdom of Qʼumarkaj (no actual king-list; must be dug out of history) Rulers of Motul de San José; Rulers of Palenque; List of rulers of Piedras Negras; Rulers of ...
Holy Roman Empire in Italy. Kingdom of Italy (complete list) – Integrum: Simultaneous claimants. Berengar I, King (887–924) Louis III the Blind, King (900–905) Rudolph II of Burgundy, King (922–926) Hugh of Arles, King (924–947) Lothair II, King (948–950) Berengar II of Ivrea, co-King (950–961) Adalbert of Ivrea, co-King (950–963)
The following is a list of imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire. Entries in italics are for elections where the claim of the man elected to be King of the Romans was disputed. Election