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In the 2nd century BC, many Sakas were driven by the Yuezhi from the steppe into Sogdia and Bactria and then to the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, where they were known as the Indo-Scythians. [20] [21] [22] Other Sakas invaded the Parthian Empire, eventually settling in Sistan, while others may have migrated to the Dian Kingdom in Yunnan ...
The Scythians (/ ˈ s ɪ θ i ə n / or / ˈ s ɪ ð i ə n /) or Scyths (/ ˈ s ɪ θ /, but note Scytho-(/ ˈ s aɪ θ oʊ /) in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, [7] [8] were an ancient Eastern Iranian equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the ...
Like the Scythians whom Herodotus describes in book four of his History (Saka is an Iranian word equivalent to the Greek Scythes, and many scholars refer to them together as Saka-Scythian), Sakas were Iranian-speaking horse nomads who deployed chariots in battle, sacrificed horses, and buried their dead in barrows or mound tombs called kurgans ...
The Indo-Scythians extended their supremacy over north-western subcontinent, conquering the Indo-Greeks and other local kingdoms. [2] The Indo-Scythians were apparently subjugated by the Kushan Empire, by either Kujula Kadphises or Kanishka. Yet the Saka continued to govern as satrapies, forming the Northern Satraps and Western Satraps.
A 9th century work by Rabanus Maurus, De Universo, states: "The Massagetae are in origin from the tribe of the Scythians, and are called Massagetae, as if heavy, that is, strong Getae." [ 54 ] [ 55 ] In Central Asian languages such as Middle Persian and Avestan , the prefix massa means "great," "heavy," or "strong."
Crossing the Hellespont in 334 BC, Alexander was determined to become the new monarch of the Achaemenid Empire.First at the Battle of the Granicus, and then at the Battle of Issus, and then finally at the Battle of Gaugamela, he struck a series of blows from which the Achaemenid royal house could not recover.
There is also a distinct prophetic statement in the Mahabharata which says that the Mlechha (Barbaric) kings of the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Bahlikas, Abhiras, etc. will rule unrighteously in Kali Yuga. [14] According to Dr H. C. Ray Chaudhury, this is too clear a statement to be ignored or explained away.
The basic map would simply require the code {{Continental Asia in 200 BCE}}, but the code for the same map with an alignement to the right, with a different caption, with an added rectangle for "YUEZHI" and a geo-located dot for the city of Ai-Khanoum, with a specially-made map overlay showing Xiongnu territory (), and without a border, looks like: