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The kidneys are seen as two elongated, red organs in this image. The opisthonephros is the functional adult kidney in lampreys (cyclostomes), most fishes, and amphibians. [1] It is formed from the extended mesonephros along with tubules from the posterior nephric ridge. [2] The functional embryonic kidney in anamniotes is the pronephros.
The adjective renal, meaning related to the kidney, is from the Latin rēnēs, meaning kidneys; the prefix nephro-is from the Ancient Greek word for kidney, nephros (νεφρός). [37] For example, surgical removal of the kidney is a nephrectomy , while a reduction in kidney function is called renal dysfunction .
In lungfish and tetrapods, the renal portal vein is joined by a vein traveling upwards from the abdominal vein, [4] which can bring venous blood from the hind limbs and ventral body wall into the renal portal system, or alternatively, enable blood from the tail and groin to pass into the hepatic portal system, already served by blood from the gut, via the hepatic portal vein, and from the hind ...
The mesonephros persists and forms the anterior portion of the permanent kidneys in fish and amphibians, but in reptiles, birds, and mammals, it atrophies and for the most part disappears rapidly as the permanent kidney (metanephros) begins to develop [2] during the sixth or seventh week. By the beginning of the fifth month of human development ...
Organ culture is the cultivation of either whole organs or parts of organs in vitro. [1] It is a development from tissue culture methods of research, as the use of the actual in vitro organ itself allows for more accurate modelling of the functions of an organ in various states and conditions.
The kidneys of fish are typically narrow, elongated organs, occupying a significant portion of the trunk. They are similar to the mesonephros of higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds, and mammals). The kidneys contain clusters of nephrons, serviced by collecting ducts which usually drain into a mesonephric duct. However, the situation is not ...
Pronephros is the most basic of the three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates, corresponding to the first stage of kidney development. It is succeeded by the mesonephros, which in fish and amphibians remains as the adult kidney. In amniotes, the mesonephros is the embryonic kidney and a more complex metanephros acts as the adult kidney ...
The lancelet is a small, translucent, fish-like animal that is one of the closest living invertebrate relatives of the vertebrates. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] The lancelets were traditionally seen as the sister lineage to the vertebrates ; in turn, these two groups together (sometimes called Notochordata) were considered the sister group to the Tunicata ...