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Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis, is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. The word is from Ancient Greek ...
The ectopic testis can be in the perineal region, the opposite side of the scrotum, the suprapubic region, the femoral region, or the superficial inguinal pouch. [1]The ectopic testis is initially normal, but if it is ignored after childhood, it may become small and soft, with spermatogenesis arresting and interstitial cell proliferation occurring.
Such a testis has an increased risk of malignancy. One testicle may disappear during development (the so-called vanishing testis) due to some intrauterine insult. This is thought to be most likely vascular, such as testicular torsion. One testicle may have been surgically removed through orchiectomy. One testicle may be injured.
The most common presentation of testicular cancer is a hard, painless lump which can be felt on one of the testis. It is either noticed by a clinician during a routine examination, or the patient themselves. [17] Risk factors for TC include: Cryptorchidism; Family history; Previous testicular cancer; The diagnosis is confirmed in different ways.
The lower part persists as the gubernaculum testis ("scrotal ligament"). This ligament secures the testis to the most inferior portion of the scrotum, tethering it in place and limiting the degree to which the testis can move within the scrotum. Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) are observed in INSL3-null male mice.
These cases are associated with a significant increase in the incidence of testicular cancer: 0.004% for the general population vs 5.7% for a supernumerary testicle not found in the scrotum. [1] Polyorchidism can also occur in conjunction with infertility, inguinal hernia, testicular torsion, epididymitis, hydrocele testis and varicocele. [4]
Testicular cancer is most common in males between the age 20–34 years old, and can appear as soon as the age of 15 years old. It is important to start STE at a young age, to detect any possible signs for testicular cancer. [7] A testicular self-examination can be done in front of a mirror to look at the entire surface.
According to Prehn's sign, the physical lifting of the testicles relieves the pain of epididymitis but not pain caused by testicular torsion. [ 4 ] Negative Prehn's sign indicates no pain relief with lifting the affected testicle, which points towards testicular torsion which is a surgical emergency and must be relieved within 6 hours.