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Typically, we as human beings only perceive the animals around us. The first Buddhist texts mention only five paths without distinguishing between the paths of deva and asura. [4] Moreover not all texts acknowledge the world of asura. [5] In Japan, the monk Genshin even inexplicably places the path of humans below that of the asuras. [6]
[5] In Hindu traditions, moksha is a central concept [6] and the utmost aim of human life; the other three aims are dharma (virtuous, proper, moral life), artha (material prosperity, income security, means of life), and kama (pleasure, sensuality, emotional fulfillment). [7] Together, these four concepts are called Puruṣārtha in Hinduism. [8]
The systematic presentation of Hindu monotheism as divided into these four paths or "Yogas" is modern, advocated by Swami Vivekananda from the 1890s in his book Raja Yoga. [3] [4] They are presented as four paths to God suitable for four human temperaments, viz. the active, the emotional, the philosophical and the mystic. [5]
Modern developments in Vedanta include Neo-Vedanta, [5] [6] [7] and the philosophy of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya. [ 8 ] Most major Vedanta schools, except Advaita Vedanta and Neo-Vedanta, are related to Vaishnavism and emphasize devotion ( Bhakti ) to God , understood as Vishnu or a related manifestation .
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[5] Yoga — This translates to path or discipline, often referring to a spiritual practice or way of life. Jnana Karma Sanyasa Yoga represents a philosophical concept in Hinduism, particularly in the context of the Bhagavad Gita. It combines the ideas of knowledge, action, and renunciation as a path to spiritual enlightenment and self-realisation.
Two Paths. Explains Yama 's teaching about the human being as possessing five layers of consciousness, and being required by life to continually make choices between the pleasant ( preya ) and the beneficial ( shreya ); [ 15 ] introduces image of the body as a chariot, and the senses as five unruly horses.