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Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivational and incentive salience, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of neuroendocrine signaling.
Amphetamine, an NDRA and one of the most well-known DRAs. 4-Methylaminorex (4-MAR), the cis- isomer being one of the most dopamine-selective NDRAs known.. A dopamine releasing agent (DRA) is a type of drug which induces the release of dopamine in the body and/or brain.
Dopamine cannot diffuse across the BBB because of the catechol group, it is too polar and therefore unable to enter the brain. The catechol group is a dihydroxy benzene ring. The synthesis of dopamine consists of three stages. The synthesis process starts with an amino acid, called L-tyrosine.
[3] [1] [2] They are also used to increase motivation [6] [7] and to enhance performance. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] A closely related type of drug is a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), for instance bupropion , methylphenidate , and nomifensine .
The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain, [4] and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release. [5] Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various
A number of tryptamine derivatives, specifically α-alkyltryptamines, have been found to act as SDRAs. [3] One such agent is 5-chloro-αMT (PAL-542), which has been reported as having about 64-fold selectivity for dopamine release over norepinephrine release and about 3-fold selectivity for serotonin release over dopamine release, making it a highly selective and well-balanced SDRA. [9]
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