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Bacterial circadian rhythms, like other circadian rhythms, are endogenous "biological clocks" that have the following three characteristics: (a) in constant conditions (i.e. constant temperature and either constant light {LL} or constant darkness {DD}) they oscillate with a period that is close to, but not exactly, 24 hours in duration, (b) this "free-running" rhythm is temperature compensated ...
The term circadian comes from the Latin circa, meaning "around" and dies, "day", meaning "approximately a day." It is regulated by circadian clocks. The circadian rhythm can further be broken down into routine cycles during the 24-hour day: [3] Diurnal, which describes organisms active during daytime
The simplest known circadian clocks are bacterial circadian rhythms, exemplified by the prokaryote cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) [38] of their central oscillator.
Kai genes – Found in the Synechococcus elongatus, these genes are essential components of the cyanobacterium clock, the leading example of bacterial circadian rhythms. Kai proteins regulate genome wide gene expression. The oscillation of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of KaiC acts as the pacemaker of the circadian clock. [24]
They have even been found in bacteria, especially among the cyanobacteria (aka blue-green algae, see bacterial circadian rhythms). The best studied rhythm in chronobiology is the circadian rhythm , a roughly 24-hour cycle shown by physiological processes in all these organisms.
The types of bacteria present in the gut could influence an individual's stress response over time, according to the findings of a recent study in mice.
Gut bacteria help regulate sleep, which cuts cancer risk. Emerging evidence suggests that disrupting the circadian rhythm creates problems in the gut that can contribute to colon cancer, according ...
In vertebrates, the master circadian clock is contained within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a bilateral nerve cluster of about 20,000 neurons. [10] [11] The SCN itself is located in the hypothalamus, a small region of the brain situated directly above the optic chiasm, where it receives input from specialized photosensitive ganglion cells in the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract.