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The older, "bottom-up" theory proposes that they are built atom-by-atom. The alternative "top-down" approach claims that fullerenes form when much larger structures break into constituent parts. [74] In 2013 researchers discovered that asymmetrical fullerenes formed from larger structures settle into stable fullerenes.
Besides unfilled fullerenes, endohedral metallofullerenes develop with different cage sizes like La@C 60 or La@C 82 and as different isomer cages. Aside from the dominant presence of mono-metal cages, numerous di-metal endohedral complexes and the tri-metal carbide fullerenes like Sc 3 C 2 @C 80 were also isolated. In 1999 a discovery drew ...
The Solar System, and the other stars/dwarfs listed here, are currently moving within (or near) the Local Interstellar Cloud, roughly 30 light-years (9.2 pc) across. The Local Interstellar Cloud is, in turn, contained inside the Local Bubble, a cavity in the interstellar medium about 300 light-years (92.0 pc) across.
In astronomy, the fixed stars (Latin: stellae fixae) are the luminary points, mainly stars, that appear not to move relative to one another against the darkness of the night sky in the background. This is in contrast to those lights visible to naked eye , namely planets and comets , that appear to move slowly among those "fixed" stars.
Below there are lists the nearest stars separated by spectral type. The scope of the list is still restricted to the main sequence spectral types: M , K , F , G , A , B and O . It may be later expanded to other types, such as S , D or C .
Thus, close stellar flybys are relatively rare. However, once in a while a star can come relatively close. One example is Scholz's star (WISE designation WISE 0720−0846 or fully WISE J072003.20−084651.2), which is a dim binary stellar system 22 light-years (6.8 parsecs) from the Sun in the constellation Monoceros near the galactic plane.
Three of these stars are in Crux making it the most densely populated as to those stars (this being 3.26% of these 92 stars, and in turn being 19.2 times more than the expected 0.17% that would result on a homogenous distribution of all bright stars and a randomised drawing of all 88 constellations, given its area, 0.17% of the sky).
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