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C, C++: modulo power of two: undefined behavior C#: modulo power of 2 in unchecked context; System.OverflowException is raised in checked context [10] Java: modulo power of two (char is the only unsigned primitive type in Java) modulo power of two JavaScript: all numbers are double-precision floating-point except the new BigInt: MATLAB: Builtin ...
A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the logical AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits. Thus, if both bits in the compared position are 1, the bit in the resulting binary representation is 1 (1 × 1 = 1); otherwise, the result is 0 (1 × 0 = 0 and 0 × 0 = 0).
The Java virtual machine's set of primitive data types consists of: [12] byte, short, int, long, char (integer types with a variety of ranges) float and double, floating-point numbers with single and double precisions; boolean, a Boolean type with logical values true and false; returnAddress, a value referring to an executable memory address ...
This method is an efficient variant of the 2 k-ary method. For example, to calculate the exponent 398, which has binary expansion (110 001 110) 2 , we take a window of length 3 using the 2 k -ary method algorithm and calculate 1, x 3 , x 6 , x 12 , x 24 , x 48 , x 49 , x 98 , x 99 , x 198 , x 199 , x 398 .
Java's java.math.BigInteger class has a modPow() method to perform modular exponentiation; MATLAB's powermod function from Symbolic Math Toolbox; Wolfram Language has the PowerMod function; Perl's Math::BigInt module has a bmodpow() method to perform modular exponentiation; Raku has a built-in routine expmod.
For example, if b = 10, p = 7, and emax = 96, then emin = −95, the significand satisfies 0 ≤ c ≤ 9 999 999, and the exponent satisfies −101 ≤ q ≤ 90. Consequently, the smallest non-zero positive number that can be represented is 1×10 −101 , and the largest is 9999999×10 90 (9.999999×10 96 ), so the full range of numbers is −9 ...
By default, methods in C++ are not virtual (i.e., opt-in virtual). In Java, methods are virtual by default, but can be made non-virtual by using the final keyword (i.e., opt-out virtual). C++ enumerations are primitive types and support implicit conversion to integer types (but not from integer types).
For example, to have a derived class with an overloaded function taking a double or an int, using the function taking an int from the base class, in C++, one would write: class B { public : void F ( int i ); }; class D : public B { public : using B :: F ; void F ( double d ); };