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ggplot2 is an open-source data visualization package for the statistical programming language R.Created by Hadley Wickham in 2005, ggplot2 is an implementation of Leland Wilkinson's Grammar of Graphics—a general scheme for data visualization which breaks up graphs into semantic components such as scales and layers. ggplot2 can serve as a replacement for the base graphics in R and contains a ...
ggplot2 – for data visualization; dplyr – for wrangling and transforming data; tidyr – help transform data specifically into tidy data, where each variable is a column, each observation is a row; each row is an observation, and each value is a cell. readr – help read in common delimited, text files with data; purrr – a functional ...
Python's name is derived from the British comedy group Monty Python, whom Python creator Guido van Rossum enjoyed while developing the language. Monty Python references appear frequently in Python code and culture; [ 190 ] for example, the metasyntactic variables often used in Python literature are spam and eggs instead of the traditional foo ...
Python hides essentially all of the details using the iterator protocol. Confusingly, Design Patterns uses "aggregate" to refer to the blank in the code for x in ___: which is unrelated to the term "aggregation". [ 1 ]
In computer programming, an enumerated type (also called enumeration, enum, or factor in the R programming language, and a categorical variable in statistics) is a data type consisting of a set of named values called elements, members, enumeral, or enumerators of the type.
In type theory and functional programming, abstract lists are usually defined inductively by two operations: nil that yields the empty list, and cons, which adds an item at the beginning of a list. [1] A stream is the potentially infinite analog of a list. [2]: §3.5
[2] [3] Bode plots are used in control theory . Box plot : In descriptive statistics, a boxplot, also known as a box-and-whisker diagram or plot, is a convenient way of graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their five-number summaries (the smallest observation, lower quartile (Q1), median (Q2), upper quartile (Q3), and largest ...
Colored column groups and row groups in the periodic table of the chemical elements. In tables and matrices, a column group or row group usually refers to a subset of columns or rows, respectively. Short names or notational names include col group or colgroup, and row group or rowgroup. They can have varying uses depending on context: