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Ted Robert Gurr also used the term relative deprivation to put forth that revolutions happen when there is an expectation of improvement, and a harsh reality in contrast. [ 10 ] There is an increased chance of the Tocqueville paradox happening in centrally planned but locally implemented reforms, when local implementation falls short of the ...
Capacity of the two-way channel: The capacity of the two-way channel (a channel in which information is sent in both directions simultaneously) is unknown. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Capacity of Aloha : The ALOHAnet used a very simple access scheme for which the capacity is still unknown, though it is known in a few special cases.
In information theory, the source coding theorem (Shannon 1948) [2] informally states that (MacKay 2003, pg. 81, [3] Cover 2006, Chapter 5 [4]): N i.i.d. random variables each with entropy H(X) can be compressed into more than N H(X) bits with negligible risk of information loss, as N → ∞; but conversely, if they are compressed into fewer than N H(X) bits it is virtually certain that ...
Relative deprivation theory claims that frustrated expectations help overcome the collective action problem, which in this case may breed revolt. Frustrated expectations could result from several factors, including growing levels of inequality within a country, which may mean those who are increasingly poor relative to the rich are getting less ...
Fraternalistic group deprivation has also been linked to voting behaviours, particularly in the case of voting for the far-right. [15] Deprivation Theory is that people who are deprived of things deemed valuable in society, money, justice, status or privilege, join social movements with the hope of redressing their grievances.
The modernization losers theory has been seen as a combination of two theories (a) the relative deprivation theory and (b) the social breakdown theory. [1] Betz suggests that the move from an industrial to post-industrial economy is one aspect of this 'modernization'. [ 2 ]
Information flow (information theory) Information fluctuation complexity; Information–action ratio; Information projection; Information source (mathematics) Information theory and measure theory; Integrated information theory; Interaction information; Interactions of actors theory; Interference channel
The information bottleneck method is a technique in information theory introduced by Naftali Tishby, Fernando C. Pereira, and William Bialek. [1] It is designed for finding the best tradeoff between accuracy and complexity (compression) when summarizing (e.g. clustering) a random variable X, given a joint probability distribution p(X,Y) between X and an observed relevant variable Y - and self ...