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The stringent response, also called stringent control, is a stress response of bacteria and plant chloroplasts in reaction to amino-acid starvation, [1] fatty acid limitation, [2] iron limitation, [3] heat shock [4] and other stress conditions and growth processes. [5]
Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, [1] includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways, respond to environmental ...
These regulations were developed in response to concerns about the reliability and consistency of safety data used in assessing the potential risks of chemicals and products to humans and the environment. The GLP regulations aim to standardize procedures and practices in nonclinical studies to ensure accurate, reliable, and traceable data.
Stress, whether physiological, biological or psychological, is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition. [1] When stressed by stimuli that alter an organism's environment, multiple systems respond across the body. [2]
In biology, an effector is a general term that can refer to several types of molecules or cells. In the context of biological system regulation, an effector is an element of a regulation loop controlling a regulated quantity. [1] Small molecule effectors
Gene regulatory pathway. In genetics, a regulator gene, regulator, or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. Regulatory sequences, which encode regulatory genes, are often at the five prime end (5') to the start site of transcription of the gene they regulate.
In biochemistry, in the biological context of organisms' regulation of gene expression and production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the production and quantities of its cellular components, such as RNA and proteins, in response to an external stimulus.
Cognitive biology is an emerging science that regards natural cognition as a biological function. [1] It is based on the theoretical assumption that every organism—whether a single cell or multicellular—is continually engaged in systematic acts of cognition coupled with intentional behaviors, i.e., a sensory-motor coupling. [2]