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Rather, the loudness in sones is, at least very nearly, a power law function of the signal intensity, with an exponent of 0.3. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] With this exponent, each 10 phon increase (or 10 dB at 1 kHz) produces almost exactly a doubling of the loudness in sones.
The horizontal axis shows frequency in Hertz. In acoustics, loudness is the subjective perception of sound pressure.More formally, it is defined as the "attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds can be ordered on a scale extending from quiet to loud". [1]
Sound power or acoustic power is the rate at which sound energy is emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time. [1] It is defined [2] as "through a surface, the product of the sound pressure, and the component of the particle velocity, at a point on the surface in the direction normal to the surface, integrated over that surface."
I 0 is the reference sound intensity; 1 Np = 1 is the neper; 1 B = 1 / 2 ln(10) is the bel; 1 dB = 1 / 20 ln(10) is the decibel. The commonly used reference sound intensity in air is [5] = /. being approximately the lowest sound intensity hearable by an undamaged human ear under room conditions.
The decibel is commonly used in acoustics as a unit of sound power level or sound pressure level. The reference pressure for sound in air is set at the typical threshold of perception of an average human and there are common comparisons used to illustrate different levels of sound pressure. As sound pressure is a root-power quantity, the ...
Moon surface [5] [6] 3–5 kcd/m 2: Clear sky [6] [12] 10 4: 5 kcd/m 2: Typical photographic scene in full sunlight [7] [9] 8 kcd/m 2: Average clear sky [5] [12] 10 kcd/m 2: Clear sky at noon [4] [12] 10 kcd/m 2: White illuminated cloud [6] 12 kcd/m 2: Fluorescent lamp [5] [6] 10 5: 75 kcd/m 2: Low pressure sodium-vapor lamp [6] 130 kcd/m 2 ...
Sound waves that have frequencies below 16 Hz are called infrasonic and those above 20 kHz are called ultrasonic. Sound is a mechanical wave and as such consists physically in oscillatory elastic compression and in oscillatory displacement of a fluid .
1.6×10 −24 J Energy of a typical microwave oven photon (2.45 GHz) (1×10 −5 eV) [4] [5] 10 −23 2×10 −23 J: Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule in the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest place known outside of a laboratory, at a temperature of 1 kelvin [6] [7] 10 −22 2–3000×10 −22 J Energy of infrared light ...