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Buffon's needle was the earliest problem in geometric probability to be solved; [2] it can be solved using integral geometry. The solution for the sought probability p, in the case where the needle length l is not greater than the width t of the strips, is. This can be used to design a Monte Carlo method for approximating the number π ...
The Newton–Pepys problem is a probability problem concerning the probability of throwing sixes from a certain number of dice. [1] In 1693 Samuel Pepys and Isaac Newton corresponded over a problem posed to Pepys by a school teacher named John Smith. [2] The problem was:
Problem of points. The problem of points, also called the problem of division of the stakes, is a classical problem in probability theory. One of the famous problems that motivated the beginnings of modern probability theory in the 17th century, it led Blaise Pascal to the first explicit reasoning about what today is known as an expected value.
v. t. e. In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is the mathematical function that gives the probabilities of occurrence of possible outcomes for an experiment. [1][2] It is a mathematical description of a random phenomenon in terms of its sample space and the probabilities of events (subsets of the sample space). [3]
Bayes' theorem (alternatively Bayes' law or Bayes' rule, after Thomas Bayes) gives a mathematical rule for inverting conditional probabilities, allowing us to find the probability of a cause given its effect. [1] For example, if the risk of developing health problems is known to increase with age, Bayes' theorem allows the risk to an individual ...
The Boy or Girl paradox surrounds a set of questions in probability theory, which are also known as The Two Child Problem, [1] Mr. Smith's Children[2] and the Mrs. Smith Problem. The initial formulation of the question dates back to at least 1959, when Martin Gardner featured it in his October 1959 "Mathematical Games column" in Scientific ...
The Doctrine of Chances. Front page of the 1st edition of the " Doctrine of Chances ". The Doctrine of Chances was the first textbook on probability theory, written by 18th-century French mathematician Abraham de Moivre and first published in 1718. [1] De Moivre wrote in English because he resided in England at the time, having fled France to ...
Bertrand expressed the solution as. where is the total number of voters and is the number of voters for the first candidate. He states that the result follows from the formula. where is the number of favourable sequences, but "it seems probable that such a simple result could be shown in a more direct way".