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The Khwarazmian Empire [note 2] (English: / k w ə ˈ r æ z m i ən /), [10] or simply Khwarazm [note 3], was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim empire of Turkic mamluk origin. [11] [12] Khwarazmians ruled large parts of present-day Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Iran from 1077 to 1231; first as vassals of the Seljuk Empire [13] and the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty), [14] and from ...
Khwarazm (/ x w ə ˈ r æ z ə m /; Old Persian: Hwârazmiya; Persian: خوارزم, Xwârazm or Xârazm) or Chorasmia (/ k ə ˈ r æ z m i ə /) is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, on the south by the Karakum Desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau.
Rashid al-Din and Ibn al-Athir state that the city had 20,000 defenders, though Carl Sverdrup contends that it only had a tenth of this number. [38] A break-out force was annihilated in open battle. The city's leaders opened the gates to the Mongols, though a unit of Turkic defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days.
Some influential people of the city decided to surrender and sent the qadi and Shaykh al-Islām of the city to Genghis Khan to talk about surrender. Finally, they opened the gates of the city to the enemy, and Genghis' army entered the city and massacred and looted the people. After the attack, the city of Samarkand became a ruin and was deserted.
The Khwarazmian army, also called the Khwarazmiyya, maintained itself as a force of freebooters and mercenaries between 1231 and 1246, following the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire (1221) and the death of the last Khwarazmshah, Jalal al-Din (1231). It was active in Upper Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Syria and Palestine and shifted its ...
Muhammad II of Khwarazm. ' Alā' al-Din Muhammad (Persian: علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه; full name: Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Sanjar ibn Tekish) was the Shah of the Khwarazmian Empire from 1200 to 1220. His ancestor was Anushtegin Gharchai, a Turkic Ghulam who eventually became a viceroy of a small province ...
The Khanate of Khiva (Chagatay: خیوه خانلیگی, romanized: Khivâ Khânligi, Persian: خانات خیوه, romanized: Khânât-e Khiveh, Uzbek: Xiva xonligi, Turkmen: Hywa hanlygy, Russian: Хивинское ханство, romanized: Khivinskoye khanstvo) was a Central Asian polity [8] that existed in the historical region of Khwarazm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of ...
Equestrian battle in front of a city gate. Rashid ad-Din, Jami al-Tawarikh, 1300-1325. The siege of Samarkand (1220) took place in 1220 A.D. after Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, had launched a multi-pronged invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire, ruled by Shah Muhammad II. The Mongols had laid siege to the border town of Otrar, but ...