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  2. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    List of paradoxes. Outline of public relations – Overview of and topical guide to public relations. Map–territory relation – Relationship between an object and a representation of that object (confusing map with territory, menu with meal) Mathematical fallacy – Certain type of mistaken proof.

  3. Deductive reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning

    Deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing valid inferences. An inference is valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises, meaning that it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false. For example, the inference from the premises "all men are mortal" and " Socrates is a man" to ...

  4. Informal fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_fallacy

    Traditional account. Informal fallacies are a form of incorrect argument in natural language. [4] An argument is a series of propositions, called the premises, together with one more proposition, called the conclusion. [5][1] The premises in correct arguments offer either deductive or defeasible support for the conclusion.

  5. Logical consequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_consequence

    Logical consequence (also entailment) is a fundamental concept in logic which describes the relationship between statements that hold true when one statement logically follows from one or more statements. A valid logical argument is one in which the conclusion is entailed by the premises, because the conclusion is the consequence of the premises.

  6. Begging the question - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging_the_question

    Begging the question. In classical rhetoric and logic, begging the question or assuming the conclusion (Latin: petītiō principiī) is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion. Historically, begging the question refers to a fault in a dialectical argument in which the speaker assumes some ...

  7. Contraposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition

    Contraposition. In logic and mathematics, contraposition, or transposition, refers to the inference of going from a conditional statement into its logically equivalent contrapositive, and an associated proof method known as § Proof by contrapositive. The contrapositive of a statement has its antecedent and consequent inverted and flipped.

  8. Irrelevant conclusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrelevant_conclusion

    Irrelevant conclusion. An irrelevant conclusion, [1] also known as ignoratio elenchi (Latin for 'ignoring refutation') or missing the point, is the informal fallacy of presenting an argument whose conclusion fails to address the issue in question. It falls into the broad class of relevance fallacies. [2]

  9. Formal fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_fallacy

    Formal fallacy. In logic and philosophy, a formal fallacy[a] is a pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system, for example propositional logic. [2] It is defined as a deductive argument that is invalid. The argument itself could have true premises, but still ...

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