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Chloral hydrate is a geminal diol with the formula Cl 3 C−CH(OH) 2. It was first used as a sedative and hypnotic in Germany in the 1870s. Over time it was replaced by safer and more effective alternatives but it remained in usage in the United States until at least the 1970s. [ 4 ]
Chloral is produced commercially by the chlorination of acetaldehyde in the presence of hydrochloric acid, producing chloral hydrate. Ethanol can also be used as a feedstock. This reaction is catalyzed by antimony trichloride: H 3 CCHO + 3 Cl 2 + H 2 O → Cl 3 CCH(OH) 2 + 3 HCl. The chloral hydrate is distilled from the reaction mixture.
Ethchlorvynol is a member of the class of sedative-hypnotic carbinols, which includes methylparafynol and tert-amyl alcohol.It is not a benzodiazepine, carbamate, or barbituric acid derivative, and its molecular structure is considerably simpler.
Chloral hydrate/magnesium sulfate/pentobarbital sodium, brand name Equithesin, is a combination anesthetic agent used as a general anesthetic in horses. [1] It is administered intravenously to effect. For many years, it was the most commonly used injectable anesthetic in horses.
It is a betaine complex of trimethylglycine with chloral hydrate, which acts as an extended-acting formulation of chloral hydrate which is then metabolized into trichloroethanol, which is responsible for most or all of its effects. [3] [4] [6]
Petrichloral (Pentaerythritol chloral) is a sedative and hypnotic chloral hydrate prodrug. [1] [2] It is a Schedule IV drug in the USA. [3] References
Mizuame – a Japanese glucose syrup of subtle flavor, traditionally made from rice and malt. [8] Molasses – a thick, sweet syrup made from boiling sugar cane. Orgeat syrup – a sweet syrup made from almonds, sugar, and rose water or orange flower water; Oleo saccharum – A syrup made from the oil of citrus peels.
Diphenhydramine is the primary constituent of dimenhydrinate and dictates the primary effect. The main differences relative to pure diphenhydramine are a lower potency due to being combined with 8-chlorotheophylline (by weight, dimenhydrinate is between 53% and 55.5% diphenhydramine) [10] and the fact that the stimulant properties of 8-chlorotheophylline help reduce the side ...