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Tokens must be used as reinforcers to be effective. A token is an object or symbol that can be exchanged for material reinforcers, services, or privileges (back-up reinforcers). In applied settings, a wide range of tokens have been used: coins, checkmarks, images of small suns or stars, points on a counter, and checkmarks on a poster.
The American psychiatrists Sally J. Rogers and Geraldine Dawson began developing the Early Start Denver Model during the 1980s. [1] While working at the University of Colorado, in Denver, Rogers provided what was first called the "play school model" of intervention which was applied to children in preschool during their regular play activities. [2]
The World Health Organization estimates about 1 in 100 children had autism during the period from 2012 to 2021 as that was the average estimate in studies published during that period with a trend of increasing prevalence over time. However, the study's 1% figure may reflect an underestimate of prevalence in low-and middle-income countries.
The Circle of Friends approach is a method designed to increase the socialization and inclusion of a disabled person with their peers. A Circle of Friends consists of a "focus" child, for whom the group was established, six to eight classroom peers, and an adult facilitator who meet once weekly to socialize and work on specific goals.
A 2007 meta-analysis of 55 studies of school-based social skills intervention found that they were minimally effective for children and adolescents with ASD, [74] and a 2007 review found that social skills training has minimal empirical support for children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism.
Teachers give autistic students extra time to answer when they ask them a question. Autistic children take time to process information but they are listening and will respond. Schools dedicated to being autism friendly, like Pathlight School in Singapore, designed their campus to offer students "dignity" in an autism-friendly environment. There ...