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The Sum and Product Puzzle, also known as the Impossible Puzzle because it seems to lack sufficient information for a solution, is a logic puzzle. It was first published in 1969 by Hans Freudenthal , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and the name Impossible Puzzle was coined by Martin Gardner . [ 3 ]
In arithmetic combinatorics, the Erdős–Szemerédi theorem states that for every finite set of integers, at least one of , the set of pairwise sums or , the set of pairwise products form a significantly larger set. More precisely, the Erdős–Szemerédi theorem states that there exist positive constants c and such that for any non-empty set ...
Ptolemy's theorem states that the sum of the products of the lengths of opposite sides is equal to the product of the lengths of the diagonals. When those side-lengths are expressed in terms of the sin and cos values shown in the figure above, this yields the angle sum trigonometric identity for sine: sin( α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin ...
Summation by parts. In mathematics, summation by parts transforms the summation of products of sequences into other summations, often simplifying the computation or (especially) estimation of certain types of sums. It is also called Abel's lemma or Abel transformation, named after Niels Henrik Abel who introduced it in 1826.
is the sum of an arithmetico-geometric series defined by = =, =, and =, and it converges to =. This sequence corresponds to the expected number of coin tosses required to obtain "tails". The probability T k {\displaystyle T_{k}} of obtaining tails for the first time at the k th toss is as follows:
Dot product. In mathematics, the dot product or scalar product[note 1] is an algebraic operation that takes two equal-length sequences of numbers (usually coordinate vectors), and returns a single number. In Euclidean geometry, the dot product of the Cartesian coordinates of two vectors is widely used. It is often called the inner product (or ...
t. e. In calculus, the product rule (or Leibniz rule[1] or Leibniz product rule) is a formula used to find the derivatives of products of two or more functions. For two functions, it may be stated in Lagrange's notation as or in Leibniz's notation as. The rule may be extended or generalized to products of three or more functions, to a rule for ...
Product (mathematics) In mathematics, a product is the result of multiplication, or an expression that identifies objects (numbers or variables) to be multiplied, called factors. For example, 21 is the product of 3 and 7 (the result of multiplication), and is the product of and (indicating that the two factors should be multiplied together).