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Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. [1] [4] Most often, the problems occur during pregnancy, but may occur during childbirth or shortly afterwards. [1] Often, the cause is unknown. [1]
Brain damage may be caused by a number of factors, including fetal malformation due to genetic mutation or exposure to toxins, intrauterine hypoxia, or physical trauma during delivery. [12] Cerebral palsy is one example of brain damage incurred before or during delivery; about 10,000 children are diagnosed with cerebral palsy every year. [13]
Birth injuries encompass any systemic damages incurred during delivery (hypoxic, toxic, biochemical, infection factors, etc.), but "birth trauma" focuses largely on mechanical damage. Caput succedaneum , bruises , bleeding along the displacements of cranial bones, and subcapsular hematomas of the liver are among reported birth injuries.
Infections like chorioamnionitis cause an infection in the maternal blood, commonly leading to premature birth and the newborn experiencing brain damage, meningitis, or death. [29] Other infections include neonatal sepsis, where the immune system reacts by affecting their organs and tissues resulting in meningitis, seizures, and cerebral palsy ...
Other causes of hemiplegia include spinal cord injury, specifically Brown-Séquard syndrome, traumatic brain injury, or disease affecting the brain. A permanent brain injury that occurs during the intrauterine life, during delivery or early in life can lead to hemiplegic cerebral palsy.
The incidence of cerebral palsy has increased in the past 40 years. It has been estimated that, in the United States, cerebral palsy occurs in four out of every 1000 births. [11] Of those births, about 20–30% have spastic hemiplegia. Overall, spasticity is the more common type of cerebral palsy and non-spastic cerebral palsy is less common.
Ataxic cerebral palsy is clinically in approximately 5–10% of all cases of cerebral palsy, making it the least frequent form of cerebral palsy diagnosed. [1] Ataxic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to cerebellar structures, differentiating it from the other two forms of cerebral palsy, which are spastic cerebral palsy (damage to cortical motor areas and underlying white matter) and ...
Spastic quadriplegia, also known as spastic tetraplegia, is a subset of spastic cerebral palsy that affects all four limbs (both arms and legs).. Compared to quadriplegia, spastic tetraplegia is defined by spasticity of the limbs as opposed to strict paralysis.