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The body rate r is made up of the rate of change of sideslip angle and the rate of turn. Taking the latter as zero, assuming no effect on the trajectory, for the limited purpose of studying the Dutch roll: = The yaw and roll equations, with the stability derivatives become:
Using ailerons causes adverse yaw, meaning the nose of the aircraft yaws in a direction opposite to the aileron application. When moving the aileron control to bank the wings to the left, adverse yaw moves the nose of the aircraft to the right. Adverse yaw is most pronounced in low-speed aircraft with long wings, such as gliders.
The yaw axis has its origin at the center of gravity and is directed towards the bottom of the aircraft, perpendicular to the wings and to the fuselage reference line. Motion about this axis is called yaw. A positive yawing motion moves the nose of the aircraft to the right. [1] [2] The rudder is the primary control of yaw. [3]
A Boeing 737 uses an adjustable stabilizer, moved by a jackscrew, to provide the required pitch trim forces. Generic stabilizer illustrated. A horizontal stabilizer is used to maintain the aircraft in longitudinal balance, or trim: [3] it exerts a vertical force at a distance so the summation of pitch moments about the center of gravity is zero. [4]
The 707 made a successful emergency landing at John F. Kennedy International Airport. Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 182, September 25, 1978. The Boeing 727 collided with a Cessna 172 single engined aircraft over San Diego, CA. The damage to the 727's right wing control surfaces and control system hydraulics made the aircraft uncontrollable.
This is typically controlled by the rudder at the rear of the airplane. Roll (bank) – in which one wing of the airplane moves up and the other moves down. This is typically controlled by ailerons on the wings of the airplane. Coordinated flight requires the pilot to use pitch, roll and yaw control simultaneously. See also flight dynamics.
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MonoKote was a commercially available lightweight plastic shrink wrap film available in various colors. It had a heat-activated adhesive on one side and was used to cover the surfaces of a model aircraft. The material is cut to size and applied to the airframe surfaces using a hobby iron and heat gun.