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A number of materials contract on heating within certain temperature ranges; this is usually called negative thermal expansion, rather than "thermal contraction".For example, the coefficient of thermal expansion of water drops to zero as it is cooled to 3.983 °C (39.169 °F) and then becomes negative below this temperature; this means that water has a maximum density at this temperature, and ...
The extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion, about 5.5 × 10 −7 /K (20–320 °C), accounts for its remarkable ability to undergo large, rapid temperature changes without cracking (see thermal shock). Phosphorescence in fused quartz from an extremely intense pulse of UV light in a flashtube, centered at 170 nm
Temperature gradients, thermal expansion or contraction and thermal shocks are things that can lead to thermal stress. This type of stress is highly dependent on the thermal expansion coefficient which varies from material to material. In general, the greater the temperature change, the higher the level of stress that can occur.
1 Thermal expansion. 2 Notes. 3 References. Toggle References subsection. 3.1 CRC. 3.2 CR2. 3.3 LNG. 3.4 WEL. Toggle the table of contents. Thermal expansivities of ...
A thermal column (or thermal) is a rising mass of buoyant air, a convective current in the atmosphere, that transfers heat energy vertically. [1] Thermals are created by the uneven heating of Earth's surface from solar radiation , and are an example of convection , specifically atmospheric convection .
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Thermal expansion: 11.77 × 10 −6 /K (at 20 °C) [3] Thermal conductivity: 71.8 W/(m⋅K) Electrical resistivity: 105.4 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) Magnetic ordering: paramagnetic [7] Molar magnetic susceptibility +567.4 × 10 −6 cm 3 /mol (288 K) [8] Young's modulus: 121 GPa : Shear modulus: 44 GPa : Bulk modulus: 180 GPa : Speed of sound thin rod ...
Thus in 2D and 3D negative thermal expansion in close-packed systems with pair interactions is realized even when the third derivative of the potential is zero or even negative. Note that one-dimensional and multidimensional cases are qualitatively different. In 1D thermal expansion is caused by anharmonicity of interatomic potential only ...